The electricity sector in Finland relies on nuclear power, forest industry black liquor and wood consumption, cogeneration and electricity import from Russia. In 2008 the consumption of electricity in Finland was 17 036 kWh/person. The European union (15) average was 7 409 kWh/person.[1] According to the Finnish Minister of Finance Jyrki Katainen the consumption of electricity will increase in Finland from the year 2010 in future.[2] Co-generation of heat and electricity in industry and district heating is common in Finland.
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The share of industry was 52-54 % of electricity consumption during 1990-2005. The share of forest industry was 30-32 %. The yearly net import of electricity has been between 5-20 % of consumption. [3]
Electricity import during 2000-2006 was from Sweden < 7 TWh/a and Russia <11.5 TWh/a and after year 2007 also Estonia 1.2 TWh. Electricity was exported in Sweden <7 TWh. Net electricity import during 2000-2006 was between: Sweden -7-+7 TWh and Russia 4-11 TWh. In 2003- 2004 electricity was exported in Sweden over 6 TWh. In 2005 electricity was imported both from Sweden and Russia based on good water power year in Sweden.[4]
| Electricity in Finland Th [5] | |||
| Consumption | Production | Nettoimport | |
| 2000 | 79 | 67 | 12 |
| 2001 | 81 | 71 | 10 |
| 2002 | 84 | 72 | 12 |
| 2003 | 85 | 80 | 5 |
| 2004 | 87 | 82 | 5 |
| 2005 | 85 | 68 | 17 |
| 2006 | 90 | 79 | 11 |
| 2007 | 90 | 78 | 13 |
| 2008 | 87 | 74 | 13 |
| 2009 | 81 | 69 | 12 |
| 2010[6] | 87 | 77 | 10,5 |
| Electricity pro person in Finland (kWh/ hab.)[7] | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Use | Production | Import | Import % | Fossil | Nuclear | Nuc. % | Other RE | Bio+waste | Wind | Non RE use* | RE %* | |
| 2004 | 17,346 | 16,409 | 937 | 5.4 % | 7,061 | 4,344 | 25.0 % | 2,954 | 2,050 | 12,342 | 28.8 % | |
| 2005 | 16,674 | 13,436 | 3,238 | 19.4 % | 4,459 | 4,432 | 26.6 % | 2,705 | 1,840 | 12,129 | 27.3 % | |
| 2006 | 17,782 | 15,410 | 2,372 | 13.3 % | 6,135 | 4,444 | 25.0 % | 2,803 | 2,028 | 12,951 | 27.2 % | |
| 2008 | 17,036 | 14,612 | 2,424 | 14.2 % | 5,182 | 4,345 | 25.5 % | 3,356 | 1,727 | 11,953 | 29.8 % | |
| 2009 | 15,698 | 13,428 | 2,270 | 14.5 % | 4,822 | 4,409 | 28.1 % | 2,477* | 1,670 | 56* | 11,495 | 26.8 % |
| * Other RE is waterpower, solar and geothermal electricity and windpower until 2008 * Non RE use = use – production of renewable electricity RE % = (production of RE / use) * 100 % Note: EU calculates the share of renewable energies in gross electrical consumption. |
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The capacity of power stations in Finland was 12.9 GW in 2009 and 13.7 GW in 2005. The capacity of power stations in Sweden was 28.8 GW in 2009 and 27.9 GW in 2005.[8] There is a new nuclear power station (European Pressurized Water Reactor) under construction in Olkiluoto. Areva/Siemens contract promised the station delivery in 2009. However, the station was under construction in 4/2010.
| Electricity by mode of production (%)[9] | ||||||||||
| Nuclear | Hydro | Gas | Coal | Wood | Peat | Oil | Wind | Other | Nettoimport | |
| 2008 | 25.2 % | 19.4 % | 12.5 % | 9.2 % | 11.2 % | 5.6 % | 0.5 % | 0.3 % | 1.5 % | 14.7 % |
| 2009 | 28.0 % | 15.6 % | 11.4 % | 13.1 % | 10.0 % | 5.4 % | 0.6 % | 0.4 % | 0.7 % | 15.0 % |
As of 2008, Finland's nuclear power program has four nuclear reactors in two power plants. The first of these came into operation in 1977. In 2009 nuclear power stations produced 22 TWh electricity which was 28 % of total electricity consumption 81 TWh. [10]
Finland would have had one of the highest - or the highest - nuclear electricity production in the world pro person i.e. ca 7,050 kWh/person (45 %) in 2009, if the new reactor were ready in 2009 as scheduled. In 2009 other nuclear electricity production were (kWh/person) e.g. France 6,371, Sweden 5,382, USA 2,699, Japan 2,198 and UK 1,120.[11]
Areva/Siemens estimate a new 1,600MWe European Pressurized Water Reactor to start in Olkiluoto in 2013 i.e. the construction would be 8 years (2005-2013) instead of 4 years (2005-2009). The nuclear capacity was 2,671 MW in 1.1.2006. Combined capacity will be 4,271 MW.[12] Increase of nuclear electricity will be 60 % giving about 7,050 kWh/person (45 %) in 2009 if the reactor were ready.
In 2010 the Finnish parliament gave permission for two new nuclear reactors. Further, many politicians had positive attitude in March 2011 to renew two old ones.
Finnish company Fortum owns 45.5 % of Oskarshamn Nuclear Power Plant and 22 % Forsmark Nuclear Power Plant in Sweden. In year 2004 Fortum produced 17.9 % of Swedish nuclear electricity (13.4 TWh / 75 TWh).[13]
Finnish company Fortum owns 25.7 % of Russian nuclear power company Polyarnye Zori as partner of TGK-1.[14]
In 2009 nuclear fuel was imported from Sweden 40%, Russia 18 %, Germany 2 % and other 40 %.[15] In 2006 the other country source of nuclear fuel was Spain.[16] Both Sweden and Spain have intentions to phase-out nuclear power. This may impact the nuclear power fuel availability and price in Finland. Swedish people voted for phase-out of nuclear power plants on 23 March 1980.
Talvivaara Mining Company applied uranium mining permission 20.4.2010.[17] In February 2011 Talvivaara sold exclusive rights of the uranium for the Canadian Cameco until the end of year 2027. [18] This was the first uranium application in the history of Finland. According to the Ministery of Trade the EIA process was until 31.3.2011. However in 31.3.2011 the application was supplemented.[19]
Finland produced of electricity with renewable energy 25.9 % in 2009, 28.6 % in 2000 and 26.4 % in 1990. The volume of non-renewable electricity has not declined compared to year 2000. As of 2008, Finland produced 20.9 TWh of electricity with renewable energy. This includes 12.6 TWh water power. Other major sources are black liquor in forest industry and industry and small scale wood fuels.[20]
As of 2008, Finland produced 0.4 % of electricity with wind power. The European average was 4.1 %.[21]
Nord Pool Spot is the power market for Norway, Denmark, Estonia, Sweden and Finland. The electric producers in Finland include: Fortum, Pohjolan Voima, Teollisuuden Voima and Helsingin Energia.
Fingrid Oyj is a Finnish national electricity transmission grid operator.
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